What common signs of dehydration are especially concerning in infants and toddlers?

• A. Sunken fontanelles, depressed anterior fontanelle, lethargy, dry mucous membranes, absent tears, decreased urine output.
• B. Jaundice and rash.
• C. High fever only.
• D. Increased urine output.

Answer: (A)

Recognizing dehydration in infants hinges on signs that reflect fluid deficit and reduced perfusion. A sunken fontanelle is a hallmark in young children; the soft spot on the top of the head can appear deeply sunken when hydration is poor. A depressed anterior fontanelle reinforces that signal. Lethargy shows altered mental status from reduced circulating volume. Dry mucous membranes and the absence of tears indicate diminished oral secretions due to dehydration. Decreased urine output is a direct clue that the kidneys are conserving water. Together these signs in infants and toddlers flag significant dehydration that needs urgent assessment and management. Jaundice and rash are not typical dehydration markers and may point to other conditions; a high fever by itself is not a reliable dehydration sign, and increased urine output argues against dehydration.